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Referencing style - IEEE: IEEE Examples

IEEE All Examples

Below are examples for a few common reference types. Need more?  Consult the full IEEE Reference Guide.

 

References by Format

Which information format do you need to reference? Choose from the examples below.

Note: The goal of referencing is to include enough information, so readers can find your sources if they are interested in finding out more. (And, of course, to acknowledge other authors whose ideas or information you have used.)

Type of reference

Example

Notes
Any format: more than six authors G. R. Author et al., ... List all authors, separated by commas, up to six names. If there are more than six authors, use the first author's name followed by et al.
T. Liu et al., "Biomimetic fabrication of new bioceramics-introduced fibrous scaffolds: From physicochemical characteristics to in vitro biological properties," Materials Science and Engineering C, vol. 94, pp. 547-557, Jan 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.063. If there are between 2 and 6 authors, the last author's name is preceded by "and" (see the Report example below)
Journal article J. K. Author, “Name of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx, Abbrev. Month, year, doi: xxx.

See the full IEEE Referencing Guide, section J, Periodicals, for further examples.
M. M. Chiampi and L. L. Zilberti, “Induction of electric field in human bodies moving near MRI: An efficient BEM computational procedure,” IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 58, pp. 2787–2793, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2158315. 

See the full IEEE Referencing Guide for how to abbreviate titles.

When using EndNote you will need to make some minor edits so the journal article reference fits the IEEE style. See the IEEE EndNote page of this guide.
Standard

Title of Standard, Standard number, date. [Online]. Available: http://www.url.com

Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date. 

 The full IEEE Referencing Guide has further examples.

Frequency Response and Bias, NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-0.1b, May 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.nerc.com/files/BAL-003-0_1b.pdf

Parameter Values for Ultra-High Definition Television Systems for Switzerland, Production and International Programme Exchange, Rec. ITU-R BT.2020-2, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland, Oct. 2015. 

 If using EndNote, enter the standard number into the Document Number section.
Conference paper

J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), (Month and day(s) if provided) year, pp. xxx-xxx.

J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx– xxx, doi: xxx.

 The full IEEE Referencing Guide has further examples.

A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.

G. Veruggio, “The EURON roboethics roadmap,” in Proc. Humanoids ’06: 6th IEEE-RAS Int. Conf. Humanoid Robots, 2006, pp. 612–617, doi: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.

  
Books/eBooks

J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. 

J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.web.com 

 The full IEEE Referencing Guide has further examples, eg; edited books and translated books.

P. B. Kurland and R. Lerner, Eds., The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago, IL, USA: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed: Feb. 28, 2010 [Online]. Available: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/

L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55–70. 

G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64. [Online]. Available: http://www.bookref.com. 

  
Webpages First Name Initial(s). Last Name. “Page Title.” Website Title. Web Address (accessed Date Accessed). For websites without formal titles, use descriptive phrases in your citation in place of page or website titles.
J. Smith. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html (accessed Feb. 1, 2009).  
Reports

J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xxx, year.

J. K. Author, “Title of report,” Company, City, State, Country, Rep. no., (optional: vol./issue), Date. Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: site/path/file

  

E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, “Oxygen absorption in the earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, USA,Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988.

Bureau of Meteorology, “Bureau of Meteorology: Measuring Rainfall in Australia,” 2009. Accessed: Mar 19, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/definitionsrain.shtml#meanrainfall 

  
Citing Secondary Sources The IEEE style does not allow for the use of secondary sources. Locate the original source of information which is cited in a work which you have read. If the original source cannot be located, it should not be cited in your own work.  

Citing Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools

You will need to confirm with your Unit Coordinator whether you are permitted to use Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) such as ChatGPT in your assessments. If it is used ALL the content that is generated must be referenced. For more information see the guide: Using AI Tools at UWA. 

For this style, we recommend that you reference content that is generated from an AI tool as Software. To reference Software using IEEE, you will need to include the following elements:

Title of Software: (version or year), Publisher Name. Accessed: Date (when applicable). [Type of Medium]. Available: site/path/file

Example:

ChatGPT (2023), OpenAI. Accessed Feb 23, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://chat.openai.com/

To reference an image that you generated from an AI tool, you need to include the following elements: a Fig. number, the image, a caption that explains that the output was generated using an AI tool and the prompt that was used. Here is an example: 

Fig 1. Image generated using Copilot Designer from the prompt create an image that ecapsulates how to find the best evidence in a Library; do not include any people in the image. 

If you want to reference an AI generated image that is in a published source, in your own work, the IEEE recommends including a Fig. number, the image, a description of the image and the creator/s of the image, and a numbered in-text citation. You will need to include the full citation details in a reference list entry. 

Here is an example for a Report: 

Fig 1. Robots masquerading as journalists as created by Alice Rosa using an Adobestock Firefly an AI machine learning model [1]

The reference entry would be:

M. Attard, M, Davis, and L. Main, "Gen AI and journalism," Centre for Media Transition, University of Technology Sydney, Australia. 2024. Accessed: May 22, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/2023-12/GEN%20AI%20and%20Journalism_web%20version.pdf   

(NB: The example provided is for a Report. Depending on the published source, you will need to reference the respective published source, according to the conventions for that specific source).  

Please note: The information in this Guide is subject to change, as guidance on referencing AI tools continues to evolve.

See pages 10 - 11 of the IEEE Guide for more information on citing Software.

It may be appropriate to your discipline of study to use in-line contextual discussion about how you used and manipulated the generative AI tool and content, for example parameters to generate the content, as well as any further fine-tuning carried out.

 

CONTENT LICENCE

 Except for logos, Canva designs, AI generated images or where otherwise indicated, content in this guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Licence.