APA referencing is the author-date style of referencing described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. In this style, each reference consists of an in-text citation of the author and date, with the full details in the reference list at the end of the document.

How to use this APA 7 Referencing guide: 

• View our APA 7 Referencing Style Guiding Principles below for an overview of in-text and end-text rules applicable across all formats.
• View our APA Examples for examples of referencing some of the most common formats, with further links to the APA Style Blog examples.
• See our APA example text for some of the key variations of ways to acknowledge sources in-text using APA Style. 

This Guide provides an introduction to the most commonly used elements in the APA7 style. For further information, refer to the APA Style Blog or the APA Publication Manual. 

If using EndNote version X9.3 or prior you will need to download the APA 7 style as per these instructions.

If using EndNote version 20 the APA 7 style is available within the software; see the Selecting Styles in EndNote tab at this link for instructions.  

Use these APA 7 referencing style guiding principles to construct in-text citations and a full end-text reference list of sources across all format types. 

The 2 parts to acknowledging reference material in the APA style work in partnership, to indicate to your reader where your ideas have come from and how they can locate the original source of these:

1. the citation itself, which appears directly associated with a quote, summary or paraphrase.  In the APA style an in-text citation can be given in
   • parenthesis style as (Author, date) eg (Smith, 2014) or 
   • narrative style as Author (date)
2. the complete description of the source, presented in an alphabetical list of references at the end of the work.  Alphabetising is primarily by the surname of the first author. This allows your reader to find the correct reference in the full reference list using just the information in the (Author, Date) in-text reference. For detailed instructions on variations see the APA Manual. For an example, see the example text.

APA7 style requires that in-text citations consist of the author(s) and date, in brackets, with a comma in between, eg; (Smith, 2020).

Example:

Empirical research focused on guided imagery interventions supports the efficacy of the technique with a variety of populations within hospital settings, with positive outcomes for individuals diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and eating dosorders (Itay & Miller, 2006). 

Author

• Use the surname/family name of the author(s).
• The table below includes examples on how to format in-text references for one, two, three or more authors. More examples can be found in the APA7 Examples tab. 

• Organisational or group author - if a company, organisation or group is the author, and no individual people are named, use the name of the organisation as the author. Write the name out in full the first time it appears, and include the abbreviation in square brackets.  In any later references to the same organisation, use the abbreviation.

Example: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2020) in the first reference, then (NIMH, 2020) in subsequent references. 

• For Government agencies - the most specific level appears in the in-text reference, (full details in the references list).
  • For example, use 'National Institute of Nursing Research' as the author in-text rather than 'Department of Health and Human Services'
• No author - Use a few words of the title in double quotation marks, and provide the date ("Title is", Year). See APA missing information for examples. 
• If citing an author that is quoted or referred to in another publication see our advice for siting this as a secondary source. 

Date

• Use the year your reference was published, for example (Author, 2021) 
• If no date, use "n.d.", for example, (Author, n.d.)
• For items that have been accepted for publication but not yet published, use "in press".

Multiple references in the same location

If citing multiple items in the same point in your document, place in alphabetical order by first author's surname with a semicolon between them. For example, (Barker & Atif, 2019;  Lai, 2019).

Use of page numbers in-text

Quotations

Include a page number/s in your in-text reference where you are directly quoting. However it is best to paraphrase. Only quote if the original author's exact wording is definitely required. See this "Quotations" section of the APA Blog for guidance on when to use direct quotes and how to construct intext references from materials with and without page numbers.  

Example: 

Guided imagery and relaxation techniques have even been found to “reduce distress and allow the immune system to function more effectively” (Trakhtenberg, 2008, p. 850).

View our example text for a demonstration of the use of direct quotations and page numbers within an in-text reference. 

Paraphrasing

Paraphrase by summarising, rephrasing and restating in your own words, an idea taken from a source. Although not required, it would be beneficial to include page numbers to facilitate locating specific passages connected to the paraphrased idea within a lengthy work, such as in a book.

See this "Paraphrasing" section of the APA Blog for an example of providing page numbers for an in-text citation of a paraphrased idea. 

The reference list contains enough information for the reader to locate the source you have referenced. See below for the basic information to include in all reference list entries and how they should be formatted, based on the APA Style Blog page Basic Principles of Reference List Entries and Elements of Reference List Entries. Refer to the examples to see exactly how these rules are applied.

Author - who is responsible for the work?

• The author(s) may be a group or individual, and might be people who played other primary roles in creating the work, such as editors, directors of films or podcast hosts.
• Group authors are common, look at the title page or cover for the correct spelling, and always spell out the names of group authors in full in the end-text reference list (they can be abbreviated in second and subsequent in-text citations as per instructions above).
• Where layers of an organisation are listed, name the most specific agency as the author in the reference, and name the others in the Source element as the publisher (see examples)
• Provide surnames and initials of first name(s). For references with up to 20 authors, list all authors, with an ampersand before the last author. If 21 or more authors, list the first 19, insert an ellipsis [...] then the last author's name, without an ampersand. (see examples)

Date - when was the work published?

• Include the year of publication, and if more specific information is included (eg season, or month), include it after the year. For webpages, use the date it was last updated.
• If a work has been accepted for publication but not yet published, enter "in press" instead of a year. However, if a work is unpublished, informally published or in progress, enter the year the work was produced.
• Retrieval dates are only included if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time. Most online resources will not require a retrieval date when using APA referencing.

Title - what is the work called?

• For books or other publications with a stand-alone title, this is used. For works that are part of a greater whole (eg a journal article or a book chapter), then also provide the name of the larger work, ie the journal or the book, respectively, as the source (see below).
• Capitalisation - use sentence case for titles.

Source - where is the work available?

• For works that are part of a greater whole (eg journal articles or book chapters), include the name of the larger work (ie the journal or the whole book) along with the DOI (preferred) or URL if it has one. 
• For stand-alone works (eg whole books, reports, theses, films, datasets, social media, webpages) include the name of the publisher as well as the DOI (preferred) or URL if it has one.
• The publisher's location is not required in APA7. However, if a work is associated with a particular place (such as an artwork in a museum or a conference presentation) then do include the location.
• Only provide the name of the database if referring to original proprietary content, eg in UpToDate.